Class 12 Biology
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Cloning vectors
- A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA, taken from any organism into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes.
- Plasmids and bacteriophages have the ability to replicate within bacterial cells independent of the control of chromosomal DNA.
- If an alien piece of DNA with bacteriophage or plasmid DNA, we can multiply its numbers equal to the copy number of the plasmid or bacteriophage.
The following are the features that are required to facilitate cloning into a vector are-
- Origin of replication (ori)
- Selectable marker
- Cloning sites
Origin of replication (ori)- This is the sequence from where replication starts and any piece of DNA when linked to this sequence can be made to replicate within the host cells
Selectable marker-
- It helps in identifying and eliminating non transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants.
- Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium.
- The genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc., are useful selectable markers for E. coli as the normal E. coli cells do not carry resistance against any of these antibiotics.
- Antibiotic resistance genes help in selecting recombinants from non-recombinants by a method called insertional inactivation where a recombinant DNA is inserted within the coding sequence of an enzyme β-galactosidase in the presence of a chromogenic substrate which results into inactivation of the enzyme.
- The presence of a chromogenic substrate gives blue colored colonies if the plasmid in the bacteria does not have an insert.
- Presence of insert results into insertional inactivation of the β-galactosidase and the colonies do not produce any colour, these are identified as recombinant colonies.
Cloning sites-
- Cloning sites are the recognition sites of the restriction enzymes.
- The ligation of alien DNA is carried out at a restriction site present in one of the two antibiotic resistance genes.
For example- ligation of a foreign DNA at the Bam H I site of tetracycline resistance gene in the vector pBR322.
Fig. pBR322
- Vector for cloning genes in plants is Agrobacterioum tumifaciens, a pathogen of several dicot plants which delivers a piece of DNA known as ‘T-DNA’ to transform normal plant cells into a tumor and direct these tumor cells to produce the chemicals required by the pathogen.
- The tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumifaciens has now been modified into a cloning vector.
Fig. tumor formation by Agrobacterium tumifaciens
- Vector for cloning genes in animals is retrovirus which transforms normal cells into cancerous cells.
- Retroviruses have been disarmed and used to deliver desirable genes into animal cells.
Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes NCERT Chapter 9 Free Notes for Best Revision
Revision of Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes is a crucial aspect of effective learning. Revision plays a vital role in the learning process and is especially important before exams. Here are some key points you can consider emphasizing in your content:
- Retention and Memory: Regularly reviewing and revisiting the material of Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes helps reinforce the concepts in students' minds. It strengthens memory pathways, making it easier to recall information during exams and beyond.
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- Identifying Knowledge Gaps: Revision allows students to identify any gaps in their understanding or areas where they need further clarification. This gives you a chance to seek help or delve deeper into those topics. For detailed understanding, you can always refer to the videos of Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 Biology NCERT Chapter 9 on LearnoHub.com
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- Spacing Effect: Spacing out revision sessions over time, rather than cramming all at once, has been shown to improve long-term retention. Create a revision schedule leading up to the exams to allow for spaced practice.
- Regular Revision over Cramming: Regular and consistent revision throughout the academic year is very important. Waiting until the last moment to cram everything can be overwhelming and less effective than spaced-out revision.
- Self-Assessment: Assess your understanding periodically through quizzes or self-tests. This helps you to gauge your progress and identify areas that need further attention. Refer Class 12 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Online Tests.
- Balanced Approach: Remind students to strike a balance between revision and other activities. Adequate rest, exercise, and relaxation are essential for optimal learning and performance.
- Seeking Help: If you face difficulties during the revision process, Refer the videos of Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes. Clearing doubts promptly is crucial for a better grasp of the subject matter. You can always ask your doubts on Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 Biology NCERT Chapter 9. “Ask a Question” section of LearnoHub.com
By highlighting the benefits and strategies of effective revision, you can approach your studies more mindfully and achieve better results in your exams. Best of luck bachhon!
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