Revise notes Class 11 the p-block elements

Revise notes
Class 11 Chemistry
The p-Block Elements

Topics

1. Introduction
2. Introduction to Group -13
3. Physical properties of Group 13
4. Chemical properties of Group 13
5. Boron compounds
6. Ortho Boric Acid
7. Boron Hydrides
8. Introduction to Group -14
9. Physical Properties of group 14
10. Chemical properties of group 14
11. Allotropes of carbon
12. Carbon monoxide (CO)
13. Carbon dioxide
14. Silicon dioxide
15. Silicones
16. Silicates
17. Zeolites

Allotropes of carbon

Allotropes: Are the different forms of elements having same physical properties but different chemical properties.

Allotropes of carbon

Crystalline form :Diamond ,Graphite and Fullerene
Amorphous forms of carbon : Coke ,Charcoal ,lamp black
Diamond

In this carbon is sp³ hybridized .Each carbon attached to four carbon atom giving rise to compact three dimensional structures given below:

Class_11_Chemistry_P_Block_Allotropes_Of_Carbon

Graphite: in this carbon is sp² hybridized and each carbon is covalently attached to two other carbon ,such that it gives hexagonal rings (sheet like structure).

Class_11_Chemistry_P_Block_Group_14_Structure_Of_Graphite

The layers are held by weak Vander wall forces, such that they can slide over one another.

Properties and Uses of diamond and graphite

Diamond
It is hardest substance. Therefore, used as cutting tool.
It is bad conductor of electricity because it has no free electrons.

Graphite: It has soft structure because of Vander wall forces in it.
Therefore, used as Lubricant.
It is used to make pencil leads, as it marks the paper black.
Moreover, it is good conductor of electricity as it has free electrons.

Uses of Diamond

It is used as cutting tool.
It is used in making jewellery.
It is used in manufacturing of tungsten filament.

Uses of Graphite

It is making electrodes.
It is used as lubricant
It is mixed with clay or wax to make lead pencils
It is used to making moderator of nuclear reactor.

Both Diamond and Graphite are crystalline forms of Carbon.

Fullerenes: It is having many Carbon atoms ranging from C₃₂ to CIt was studied in 1985 and after 10 years it came in notice or structure. The carbon atoms are in a shape of football .

Buckminster form :

Class_11_Chemistry_P_Block_Group_14_Structure_Of_Buckminster

Amorphous forms of Carbon : In this the molecules are arranged in haphazard manner .
Coke: Used as fuel.
Charcoal : Is porous

Types of Charcoal:

Wood charcoal
Animal charcoal
Sugar charcoal

(They are obtained by destructive distillation of wood, sugar etc).

Charcoal is good absorbent, if dipped in colored solution it will adsorb all colours, leaving behind colorless solution.

Uses of Carbon

It is used in the form of fuel.
It is used in manufacturing of coal gas, water gas etc.
It is also used as a good reducing agent in metallurgy.
It is activated charcoal and is used as catalyst.

Uses of Silicon

It is used to form n-type or p-type semiconductor.
It is important component of glass and cement.
Pure Si is used to make computer chips.

Uses of germanium

It is used in transistors.
It is making for lenses and prism.
It is used as scientific apparatus.

Uses of lead

It is used for making lead sheets and pipes.
It is used for telephone wires.
It is used in storage batteries and bullets.

Uses of Tin

It is used for electroplating.
It is used in making alloys: Pb, Cu and Sn.
It is a type metal: Pb ,Sn ,Sb.

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