Revise notes
Class 11 Biology
Locomotion and Movement
Class 11 Biology
Locomotion and Movement
Mechanism of muscle contraction
- Sliding filament theory explains the mechanism of muscle contraction, which states that contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments.
- The junction between a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre is called the neuromuscular junction or motor-end plate.
- A neural signal, released by central nervous system, when reaches the junction releases a neurotransmitter (Acetyl choline) which generates an action potential in the sarcolemma, which spreads through the muscle fibre and causes the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm.
- Increase in Ca++ level leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for myosin.
- Utilising the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a cross bridge, which pulls the attached actin filaments towards the centre of ‘A’ band.
- The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction, where the ‘I’ bands get reduced, whereas the ‘A’ bands retain the length.
- The myosin, releasing the ADP and P1 goes back to its relaxed state, a new ATP binds and the cross-bridge is broken and breakage is repeated causing further sliding.
- The process continues till the Ca++ ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae resulting in the masking of actin filaments, which causes the return of ‘Z’ lines back to their original position, i.e., relaxation.
- Muscle contains a red coloured oxygen storing pigment called
- Red fibres contain plenty of mitochondria which can utilise the large amount of oxygen stored; such muscles are called the red fibres.
- Myoglobin content is high in some of the muscles which gives a reddish appearance in them for ATP production and can also be called aerobic muscles.
- Some of the muscles possess very less quantity of myoglobin and therefore, appear pale or whitish, known as the white fibres.
- Number of mitochondria are few in white fibres, but the amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum is high and they depend on anaerobic process for energy.
Fig. Sliding filament theory
Class 11 Biology Locomotion and Movement NCERT Chapter 17 Free Notes for Best Revision
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