Define the following:

1. Exocrine gland
2. Endocrine gland
3. Hormone

Diagrammatically indicate the location of the various endocrine glands in our body.

Match column I with column II

                   Column I                                       Column II

(a) Bilirubin and biliverdin                     (i) Parotid

(b) Hydrolysis of starch                          (ii) Bile

(c) Digestion of fats                                (iii) Lipases

(d) Salivary gland                                    (iv) Amylases

List the hormones secreted by the following:

1. Hypothalamus      
2. Pituitary
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
5. Adrenal
6. Pancreas
7. Testis
8. Ovary
1. Thymus
10. Atrium
11. Kidney
50. G-I tract

Answer briefly:

(a) Why are villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach?

(b) How does pepsinogen change into its active form?

(c) What are the basic layers of the wall of alimentary canal?

(d) How does bile help in the digestion of fats?

State the role of pancreatic juice in digestion of proteins.

Fill in the blanks:

        Hormones                                                Target gland

(a) Hypothalamic hormones               ---------------------

(b) Thyrotrophin (TSH)                         ---------------------

1. 3. Corticotrophin (ACTH)                   ---------------------
   4. Gonadotrophins (LH, FSH)            ---------------------
   5. Melanotrophin (MSH)                   ---------------------

Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones:

1. 1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
   2. Thyroid hormones
   3. Thymosins
   4. Androgens
   5. Estrogens
   6. Insulin and Glucagon

Describe the process of digestion of protein in stomach.

Give example(s) of:

1. 1. Hyperglycemic hormone and hypoglycemic hormone
   2. Hypercalcemic hormone
   3. Gonadotrophic hormones
   4. Progestational hormone
   5. Blood pressure lowering hormone
   6. Androgens and estrogens

Give the dental formula of human beings.

Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for the following:

(a) Diabetes mellitus   

(b) Goitre    

(c) Cretinism

Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes, yet it is important for digestion. Why?

Briefly mention the mechanism of action of FSH.

Describe the digestive role of chymotrypsin. Which two other digestive enzymes of the same category are secreted by its source gland?

Match the following:

      Column I                       Column II

1. T₄                             (i) Hypothalamus
2. PTH                      (ii) Thyroid
3. GnRH                  (iii) Pituitary
4. LH                       (iv) Parathyroid

How are polysaccharides and disaccharides digested?

What would happen if HCl were not secreted in the stomach?

How does butter in your food get digested and absorbed in the body?

Discuss the main steps in the digestion of proteins as the food passes through different parts of the alimentary canal.

Explain the term thecodont and diphyodont.

Name the different types of teeth and their number in an adult human.

What are the functions of liver?