NCERT solution Class 9 pastoralists in the modern world

NCERT Solutions

Class 9 Social Science

Pastoralists in the Modern World

NCERT Questions

Q.2

Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the law changed the lives of pastoralists:

Waste Land rules
Forest Acts
Criminal Tribes Act
Grazing Tax

Waste Land rules:

From the mid-nineteenth century, Waste Land Rules were enacted in various parts of the country.
By these rules, uncultivated lands were taken over and given to selective individuals and encouraged them to settle these lands.
Some of these persons became the headmen of villages in the newly cleared areas.
Most of the area of these lands was used by pastoralists and hence that created the decline of pastures and a problem of pastoralists.

Forest Acts:

By the mid-nineteenth century, various Forests Acts were being enacted in the different provinces.
The colonial officials believed that grazing destroyed the saplings and young shoots of trees that germinated on the forest floor.
The Forest Acts changed the lives of pastoralists. They needed permits for entry in some areas and the timing of the entry and departure was specified.
Pastoralists could no longer remain in an area even if forage was available, the grass was succulent and the undergrowth in the forest was ample. If they overstayed in any specified area, they were liable to fines.

Criminal Tribes Act:

In 1871, the colonial government in India passed the Criminal Tribes Act.
By this act many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classified as Criminal Tribes. They were stated to be criminal by nature and birth.
Once this Act came into force, these communities were expected to live only in village settlements.
Pastoralists, traders and craftsmen were not allowed to move out without permit.

Grazing Tax:

The colonial officials believed that grazing destroyed the saplings and young shoots of trees that germinated on the forest floor.
To expand the revenue, the colonial government imposed tax on land, on canal water, on salt, on trade goods and even on animals.
In most pastoral tracts of India, grazing tax was introduced in the mid-nineteenth century.
Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures.
In the decades between the 1850s and 1880s the right to collect the tax was auctioned out to contractors. These contractors tried to extract as high a tax as they could to recover the money they had paid to the state and earn as much profit as they could within the year.
By the 1880s the government began collecting taxes directly from the pastoralists. Each of them was given a pass and to enter a grazing tract, they had to show the pass and pay the tax.
So, the Pastoralists had to pay the tax according to the number of cattle they had.

Pastoralists in the Modern World Class 9 Social Science NCERT Chapter 5 NCERT Solutions

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