NCERT solution Class 12 aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids

NCERT Solutions

Class 12 Chemistry

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

NCERT Questions

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Q.1

What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

(i) Cyanohydrin

(ii) Acetal

(iii) Semicarbazone

(iv) Aldol

(v) Hemiacetal

(vi) Oxime

(vii) Ketal

(viii) Imine

(ix) 2,4-DNP-derivative

(x) Schiff’s base

(i) Cyanohydrin

Cyanohydrins are organic compounds having the formula RR′C (OH) CN, where R and R′ can be alkyl or aryl groups.

Aldehydes and ketones react with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the presence of excess sodium cyanide (NaCN) as a catalyst to field cyanohydrin. These reactions are known as cyanohydrin reactions.

RR’C=O + HCN  RR’C (OH) CN (In presence of NaCN)

Ketone Cyanohydrin

(ii) Acetal

Acetals are gem - dialkoxy alkanes within which 2 alkoxy teams groups attached to the terminal atom. One bond is connected to associate degree alkyl whereas the opposite is connected to the hydrogen atom.

When aldehydes are treated with 2 equivalents of a monohydric alcohol within the presence of dry HCl gas, hemiacetals are produced which are further reacted with one more molecule to alcohol to yield acetal as shown below:

(iii) Semicarbazones are derivatives of aldehydes and ketones produced

by the condensation reaction between a ketone or aldehyde and semicarbazide.

Semicarbazones are useful for identification and characterization of aldehydes and ketones.

(iv) Aldol:

An aldol is a β-hydroxy organic compound. It's produced by the by the condensation reaction of 2 molecules of an equivalent or one molecule every of 2 totally different aldehydes or ketones within the presence of a base.

The reaction is shown as below:

(v) Hemiacetal

Hemiacetals are α−alkoxyalcohols.

Aldehyde reacts with one molecule of a monohydric alcohol in the presence of dry HCl gas to from alkoxy alcohol, known as hemiacetal.

The following reaction shows the formation of hemiacetal:

(vi) Oxime:

Oximes are a class of organic compounds having the general formula RR′CNOH, where R is an organic side chain and R′ is either hydrogen or an organic side chain. If R′ is H, then it is known as aldoxime and if R′ is an organic side chain, it is known as ketoxime.

(vii) Ketals:

Ketals are gem−dialkoxyalkanes in which two alkoxy groups are present on the same carbon atom within the chain. The other two bonds of the carbon atom are connected to two alkyl groups.

General structure of Ketal

Ketones react with ethylene glycol in the presence of dry HCl gas to give a cyclic product known as ethylene glycol ketals.

(viii) Imine:

Imines are chemical compounds containing a carbon nitrogen double bond.

General structure of Imine

Imines are produced when aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and its derivatives.

(ix) 2,4-DNP- Derivative

2, 4−dinitrophenylhydragones are 2, 4−DNP−derivatives, which are produced when aldehydes or ketones react with 2,

4−dinitrophenylhydrazine in a weakly acidic medium.

To identify and characterize aldehydes and ketones, 2, 4−DNP derivatives are used.

(x) Schiff’s base:

Schiff’s base (or azomethine) is a chemical compound containing a carbon-nitrogen double bond with the nitrogen atom connected to an aryl or alkyl group-but not hydrogen. They have the general formula R₁R₂C = NR₃. Hence, it is an imine.

It is named after a scientist, Hugo Schiff.

Aldehydes and ketones on treatment with primary aliphatic or aromatic amines in the presence of trace of an acid yields a Schiff’s base.

Video solution:

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Chapter 9 NCERT Solutions

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