NCERT solution Class 12 aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids

NCERT Solutions

Class 12 Chemistry

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

NCERT Questions

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Q.12
Q.13
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Q.13

Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

(i) Propanal and Propanone

(ii) Acetophenone and Benzophenone

(iii) Phenol and Benzoic acid

(iv) Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate

(v) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one

(vi) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone

(vii) Ethanal and Propanal

(i) Propanal and propanone can be distinguished by the following tests.

(a) Tollen’s test

Propanal is an aldehyde. Thus, it reduces Tollen’s reagent. But, propanone being a ketone does not reduce Tollen’s reagent.

(b) Fehling’s test

Aldehydes respond to Fehling’s test, but ketones do not.

Propanal being an aldehyde reduces Fehling’s solution to a red-brown precipitate of Cu₂O, but propanone being a ketone does not. CH₃CH₂CHO + 2Cu⁺ + 5OH^-  CH₃CH₂COO^- + Cu₂O + 3H2O Propanal Propanoate ion Red-Brown ppt.

Aldehydes and ketones having at least one methyl group linked to the carbonyl carbon atom respond to iodoform test. They are oxidized by sodium hypoiodite (NaOI) to give iodoform. Propanone being a methyl ketone responds to this test, but propanal does not.

CH₃COCH₃ + 3NaOI  CH₃COONa + CHI₃ + 2NaOH

Propanone Sodium Acetate Iodoform

(Yellow ppt)

(ii) Acetophenone and Benzophenone can be distinguished using the iodoform test.

Iodoform test:

Methyl ketones are oxidized by sodium hypoiodite to give yellow ppt. of iodoform.

Acetophenone being a methyl ketone responds to this test, but benzophenone does not.

C₆H₅COCH₃ + 3NaOI  C₆H₅COONa + CHI₃ + 2NaOH

Acetophenone Sodiumhypoiodite Sodium Acetate Iodoform

(Yellow ppt)

C₆H₅COCH₃ + NaOI  No yellow ppt. of CHI₃

Benzophenone

(iii) Phenol and benzoic acid can be distinguished by ferric chloride test.

Ferric chloride test:

Phenol reacts with neutral FeCl ₃ to form an iron-phenol complex giving violet colouration.

6C₆H₅OH + FeCl₃  [Fe (OC₆H₅)₆]^3- + 3H⁺ + 3Cl^-

Phenol Iron-phenol complex

(Violet colour)

But benzoic acid reacts with neutral FeCl ₃ to give a buff coloured ppt. of ferric benzoate.

6C₆H₅OH + FeCl₃  (C₆H₅COO)₃Fe + 3HCl

Benzoic Acid Ferric benzoate

(Buff’s coloured ppt)

(iv) Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate can be distinguished by sodium bicarbonate test.

Sodium bicarbonate test:

Acids react with NaHCO₃ to produce brisk effervescence due to the evolution of CO₂ gas.

Benzoic acid being an acid responds to this test, but ethylbenzoate does not.

C₆H₅COOH + NaHCO₃  C₆H₅COONa + CO₂ (gas) + H₂O

Benzoic Acid Sodium benzoate (Buff coloured ppt)

C₆H₅COOC₂H₅ +NaHCO₃  No effervescence due to evolution of CO₂ gas (v) Pentan-2-one and pentan-3-one can be distinguished by iodoform test.

Iodoform test:

Pentan-2-one is a methyl ketone. Thus, it responds to this test. But pentan-3one not being a methyl ketone does not respond to this test.

(vi) Benzaldehyde and acteophenone can be distinguished by the following tests.

Tollen’s Test

Aldehydes respond to Tollen’s test. Benzaldehyde being an aldehyde reduces Tollen’s reagent to give a red-brown precipitate of Cu ₂O, but acetophenone being a ketone does not.

C₆H₅CHO + 2[Ag (NH₃)₂]⁺ + 3OH^-  C₆H₅COO^- + 2Ag +2H₂O + 4NH₃ Benzaldehyde Tollen’s reagent Benzoate ion Silver Mirror

Iodoform test

Acetophenone being a methyl ketone undergoes oxidation by sodium hypoiodite (NaOI) to give a yellow ppt. of iodoform. But benzaldehyde does not respond to this test.

C₆H₅COCH₃ + 3NaOI  C₆H₅COONa + CHI₃ + 2NaOH

Acetophenone Sodiumhypoiodite Sodium Benzoate Iodoform

(Yellow ppt)

(vii) Ethanal and propanal can be distinguished by iodoform test.

Iodoform test

Aldehydes and ketones having at least one methyl group linked to the carbonyl carbon atom responds to the iodoform test. Ethanal having one methyl group linked to the carbonyl carbon atom responds to this test. But propanal does not have a methyl group linked to the carbonyl carbon atom and thus, it does not respond to this state.

CH₃CHO + 3NaOI  HCOONa + CHI₃ + 2NaOH

Ethanal Sodium Iodoform

Methanoate (yellow ppt)

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Chapter 9 NCERT Solutions

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