NCERT solution Class 11 neural control and coordination

NCERT Solutions

Class 11 Biology

Neural Control and Coordination

NCERT Questions

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Q.6

Give a brief account of:

1. Mechanism of synaptic transmission
2. Mechanism of vision
3. Mechanism of hearing

1. A nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another through synapse. Synapse is the junction between two neuron formed by membranes of pre-synaptic neuron and a post- synaptic neuron. Synapses are of two types: electrical synapses and chemical synapses.

In electrical synapses, the membranes of pre-synaptic neurons and post-synaptic neurons are in very close proximity thus electrical current can flow directly from one neuron into the other across these synapses. Transmission of an impulse across electrical synapses is very similar to impulse conduction along a single axon and transmission is always faster than that across a chemical synapse.

At chemical synapse, the membranes of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons are separated by a fluid-filled space called synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are involved in the transmission of impulses at these synapses.

1. Light rays of visible wavelength are focused on the retina of the eye. These rays pass through cornea and lens and thus generate impulses in rod and cone cells. Human eye have photosensitive compounds which are composed of opsin and retinal. When light falls in these compounds, it induces dissociation of the retinal from opsin which results in changes in the structure of the opsin. Further, membrane permeability changes thus potential differences are generated in the photoreceptor cells. Action potential is generated in ganglion cells through bipolar cells. The impulses generated are

transmitted by the optic nerves to the visual cortex area of the brain. Neural impulses are analysed in the brain and image is formed on the retina.

1. External ear receives sound waves. These are passed over the drum which causes vibrations in the ear drum. These vibrations are transmitted through ear ossicles. The vibrations then pass through cochlea, waves are generated in lymph. This induces ripples in the basilar membrane which causes hair cells to bend. They press against tectorial membrane and nerve impulses are generated in the associated afferent neurons. These are transmitted to the auditory cortex of the brain. Sound is recognized in the brain.

Neural Control and Coordination Class 11 Biology NCERT Chapter 18 NCERT Solutions

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