The new castes emerging within the varnas in ancient India were called Jatis. While the varnas were broad categories based on occupation and ritual status, jatis were much more specific, often associated with particular occupations, practices, and traditions. They formed sub-divisions within the varnas, further influencing social hierarchy and endogamy (marriage within the group).

The terminology can be confusing, as jatis are sometimes mistakenly used interchangeably with varnas. However, it's important to remember that varnas were broader, theoretical categories, while jatis were actual, lived-in communities with specific identities and customs.

Here are some additional things to keep in mind:

• The number of jatis varied depending on region and era. Historians estimate thousands of jatis existed across India throughout history.
• Jati affiliation determined social status, access to resources, and occupational opportunities.
• The concept of Jatis remains a complex and sensitive topic in modern India, as it is linked to issues of caste discrimination and affirmative action policies.

If you'd like to learn more about specific jatis or the historical evolution of the caste system in India, I'm happy to provide further information. Just let me know your areas of interest.