During the period of new empires and kingdoms, administrative arrangements included:

    Centralized Authority: Strong rulers at the center held significant power.

    Administrative Divisions: Empires were often divided into provinces or regions with local governors.

    Bureaucracy: Systems of officials and administrators were established for governance.

    Legal Systems: Laws and codes were developed to maintain order and justice.

    Communication Networks: Infrastructure such as roads and messengers facilitated efficient communication.

    Taxation and Revenue: Systems were implemented to collect taxes for sustaining the empire.

These arrangements aimed at efficient governance and management of expanding territories.