Perpendicular to Electric Field Lines:

• Equipotential surfaces are always perpendicular to the electric field lines. This means that at any point on an equipotential surface, the electric field vector is perpendicular to the surface.

Work Done is Zero:

• No work is done by the electric field in moving a charge along an equipotential surface. This is because the potential difference between any two points on an equipotential surface is zero, and work done is given by the product of the charge and potential difference (�=�⋅Δ�W=q⋅ΔV).

Uniform Electric Potential:

• The electric potential is the same at all points on an equipotential surface. This implies that the electric potential energy of a charge placed on an equipotential surface remains constant.

No Electric Field Along the Surface:

• There is no component of the electric field parallel to an equipotential surface. If there were, work would be done in moving a charge along the surface, which is inconsistent with the definition of an equipotential surface.

Work Done in Moving Along Surface:

• If a charged particle moves along an equipotential surface, the work done by the electric field is zero. This is because there is no change in electric potential, and the electric field is perpendicular to the motion.

Close and Distant Points:

• Equipotential surfaces can be close or far from each other, depending on the strength of the electric field. Closer spacing indicates a stronger electric field, while more widely spaced surfaces indicate a weaker field.

Cross-sections of Conductors:

• The surfaces of conductors at electrostatic equilibrium are equipotential surfaces. Inside a conductor, the electric field is zero, and the electric potential is constant.