To answer this question let us see the resonating structures of both the ions.

Resonance structures of phenoxide ion are:

It can be observed from the resonance structures of phenoxide ion that in II, III and IV, less electronegative carbon atoms carry a negative charge. Therefore, these three structures contribute negligibly towards the resonance stability of the phenoxide ion. Hence, these structures can be eliminated. Only structures I and V carry a negative charge on the more electronegative oxygen atom.

Resonance structures of carboxylate ion are:

In the case of carboxylate ion, resonating structures I² and II contain a charge carried by a more electronegative oxygen atom.

Further, in resonating structures I and II, the negative charge is delocalized over two oxygen atoms. But in resonating structures I and V of the phexoxide ion, the negative charge is localized on the same oxygen atom. Therefore, the resonating structures of carboxylate ion contribute more towards its stability than those of phenoxide ion. As a result, carboxylate ion is more resonance-stabilized than phenoxide ion. Hence, carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol.