3. Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate at which an object's velocity changes with respect to time. It is a vector quantity and accounts for changes in both speed and direction. Acceleration occurs when an object's velocity increases or decreases, or when it changes direction.

Mathematically, acceleration is calculated as:

Acceleration (a) = Change in Velocity (Δv) / Time Taken (t)

The change in velocity (Δv) is the final velocity minus the initial velocity.

Since acceleration is a vector, it can be positive or negative, indicating whether the object is speeding up (positive acceleration) or slowing down (negative acceleration).

For example, if an object's initial velocity is 5 m/s and its final velocity is 15 m/s after 2 seconds, its acceleration is:

Acceleration = (15 m/s - 5 m/s) / 2 seconds = 5 m/s²

Acceleration can also be caused by changes in direction, such as when an object moves in a circular path